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Structure of Stamen and Microsporangia
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Anther Development and Microsporogenesis
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Structure of Pollen Grains and Formation of Male Gametophyte
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Structure of Pistil and Ovule or Megasporangium
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Types of Ovules
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Megasporogenesis and Embryo Sac Formation
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Self-Pollination and Its Types
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Cross-Pollination and Its Adaptation
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Cross-Pollination: Part 1
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Cross-Pollination: Part 2
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Pollen-Pistil Interaction – Compatibility
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Double Fertilisation and Triple Fusion
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Endosperm and Its Types
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Embryo Development in Dicots
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Embryo Development in Monocots
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Apomixis and Polyembryony
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Introduction to Reproduction
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Testes and Scrotal Sac
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Seminiferous Tubules
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Accessory Ducts
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What Is Semen?
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Accessory Sex Glands
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Understanding Spermatogenesis
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Spermiation, Capacitation and Factors Controlling Spermatogenesis
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Structure of the Penis and Sperm
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Ovary – The Primary Female Sex Organ
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The Womb (Uterus)
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The Structure of Ovum
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Fallopian Tubes and Vagina
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External Genitalia or Vulva
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Mammary Glands
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Transport of Egg and Insemination
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Hormones Involved During Pregnancy
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What Is Parturition?
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Defining Fertilisation
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Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation
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Understanding Implantation
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Placenta – Structure and Function
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What Is Lactation?
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Breast Feeding and Its Importance
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Understanding Oogenesis
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Menstrual Cycle
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Ante-Natal Diagnostic Tests
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Second Week of Development
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Third Week of Development
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Disorders Related to Human Reproduction
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Introduction to Reproductive Health
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Maternity and Child Health Programme
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Issues, Requirements and Benefits of Awareness Programme
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Population Explosion
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Natural Methods of Birth Control
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Barrier Methods of Birth Control
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Hormonal and Surgical Methods of Birth Control
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Medical Termination of Pregnancy
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STDs – Syphilis, Trichomoniasis and Hepatitis
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STDs – Gonorrhoea and Genital Herpes
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Infertility in Men and Women
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Assisted Reproductive Technologies
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Monohybrid Cross
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Practice Problems on Monohybrid Cross
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Laws of Mendel – Dominance, Segregation
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Incomplete Dominance
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What Is Codominance?
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Practice Questions on Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
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Dihybrid Cross and Law of Independent Assortment
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Practice Questions on Dihybrid Cross
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Test Cross and Backcross – Monohybrid and Dihybrid
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Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
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Experimental Verification of Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
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Crossing Over and Recombination in Inheritance of Gene
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Genetic Linkage
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Types of Linkage
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Genetic Map and Detection of Linkage
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Polygenic Inheritance and Pleiotropism
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Multiple Allelism and Its Examples
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Understanding Epistasis
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Complementary Gene and Supplementary Gene
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Mechanism of Sex Determination – Different Methods
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Sex-Linked Inheritance
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Mutations – Point Mutation
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Mutations – Structural Chromosomal Mutation
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Numerical Chromosome Disorders – Euploidy and Aneuploidy
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Down’s Syndrome, Kleinfelter’s Syndrome and Turner’s Syndrome
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Autosomal Dominant Mendelian Disorders
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Autosomal Recessive Mendelian Disorders
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Sex-Linked Mendelian Disorders
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Pedigree Analysis
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Problems on Pedigree Analysis
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Nucleic Acid Structure
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Structure of DNA
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Process of DNA Packaging
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Search for Genetic Material – Griffith Experiment
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DNA Is the Genetic Material – The Hershey-Chase Experiment
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Models of DNA Replication
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The Meselson-Stahl Experiment
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Machinery of DNA Replication
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Mechanism of DNA Replication
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Difference Between Eukaryotic Replication and Prokaryotic Replication
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Introduction to Transcription and Transcription Unit
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Process of Transcription – Prokaryotes
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Process of Transcription – Eukaryotes and RNA Processing
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RNA and Its Types
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Structure of mRNA – Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
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Structure of tRNA – Adaptor Molecule
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Genetic Code and Its Discovery
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Genetic Code, Role of tRNA and the Wobble Hypothesis
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Introduction to Translation and Structure of Ribosomes
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Initiation of Translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Elongation and Termination of Translation
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Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Operon Concept and Lac Operon
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Genome, HGP
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DNA Fingerprinting – Introduction
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DNA Fingerprinting – Method and Applications
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Introduction to Evolution
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Evolution and Big Bang Theory
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Theories of Origin of Life
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Chemical Evolution
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Biological Evolution
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Oxygen Evolution and Evidences in Favour of Chemical Evolution
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Paleontological Evidences of Evolution
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Archaeopteryx and Pedigree of Evolution
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Geological Time Scale
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Homology and Analogy
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Adaptive Divergence and Adaptive Convergence
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Evidences From Vestigial Organs, Atavistic Features and Connecting Links
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Lamarck’s Theory and Weismann's Theory
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Evidences of Organic Evolution From Embryology and Biogeography
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Theory of Natural Selection
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Neo-Darwinism
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Genetic Drift
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Examples of Natural Selection
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Genetic Basis of Adaption, Lederberg Experiment and Types of Natural Selection
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Speciation and Mimicry
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Types of Evolution and Reproductive Isolation
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Similarities and Differences Between Apes and Humans
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Dryopithecus and Australopithecus
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Pre-Historic Man – Homo habilis and Homo erectus
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Homo sapiens – Neanderthal, Cro-Magnon and Modern Man
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Evolution of Plants
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A Brief Account of Evolution as a Whole
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Evolution of Animals
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Fossil Records and Hardy-Weinberg Principle
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Introduction to Human Health and Diseases
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Disease and Its Classification
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Bacterial Diseases – Typhoid Fever and Tuberculosis
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Bacterial Diseases – Diphtheria, Pneumonia, Cholera and Plague
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Viral Diseases – Common Cold, Influenza, Measles, Mumps and Chicken Pox
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Viral Diseases – Dengue, Chikungunya
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Fungal Diseases – Ringworm, Candidiasis
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Helminth Diseases – Ascariasis
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Helminth Diseases – Filariasis
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Immunity and Its Types
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Innate Immunity
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Protozoan Diseases – Amoebiasis
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Acquired Immunity – Humoral Immune Response
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Antigen – Antibody
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
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Active Immunisation
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Passive Immunisation
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Allergy and Its Types
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Understanding Autoimmunity
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Primary Lymphoid Organs
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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Cancer – Properties of Cancer Cells and Types of Tumours
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Cause of Cancer and Its Types
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Cancer – Diagnosis and Treatment
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Types of Drugs and Adolescents
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Effects of Drug Abuse and Prevention
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AIDS and HIV – I
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AIDS and HIV – II
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Introduction to Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
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Animal Husbandry and Dairy Farm Management
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Poultry Farm Management
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Animal Breeding
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Types of Breeding
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Controlled Breeding Experiments
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Learning About Beekeeping
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What Are Fisheries?
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Plant Breeding and Its Goals
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Steps of Plant Breeding
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Plant Breeding for Improvement of Yield
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Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance
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Plant Breeding for Pest Resistance
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Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality
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Single Cell Protein
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Plant Tissue Culture
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Types of Plant Tissue Culture
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Somatic Hybridization
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Application of Plant Tissue Culture
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Microbes in Human Welfare – Introduction
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Microbes in the Formation of Curd and Dough
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Fermented Beverages
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Microorganisms – Toddy and Cheese
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Microorganisms in Antibiotics
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Microbes in Chemicals, Enzymes and Other Bioactive Molecules
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Microbes in Sewage Treatment
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Microbes in Biogas Production
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Understanding Bioherbicide
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Understanding Bioinsecticide
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Microbes As Biofertilizers
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Integrated Pest Management
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Some Important Biofertilizers
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Basics of Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA Technology
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Restriction Enzyme and Mechanism of Action
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Types and Nomenclature of Restriction Enzyme
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Other Tools for Creating Recombinant DNA – Ligase, Linkers, Adaptors and Homopolymers
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Features of a Typical Cloning Vector
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Cloning Vectors – Plasmids
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Cloning Vectors – Bacteriophages
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Some Other Cloning Vectors
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Cloning Vectors in Plants
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Isolation of DNA
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Separation and Isolation of DNA Fragments – Gel Electrophoresis
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Transformation in Competent Host – Chemical Methods
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Transformation in Competent Host – Physical Methods
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Selection of Transformed Cells
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Recombinant Protein, Types and Uses and Downstream Processing
-
Bioreactors and Their Types
-
cDNA and Synthetic DNA
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Pollution, Air Pollution and Air Pollutants
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Control of Air Pollution
-
Case Study on Air Pollution
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Noise Pollution
-
Water Pollution – Causes and Effects
-
Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Eutrophication
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What Is Biomagnification?
-
Control of Water Pollution
-
A Case Study of the Integrated Waste Water Treatment
-
Solid Waste and Its Types
-
Solid Waste Management
-
Case Study on the Remedy for Plastic Wastes
-
Agrochemicals, Effects, Case Study of Organic Farming
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Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
-
Ozone Depletion
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Radioactive Waste, Deforestation and Improper Resource Utilisation
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Case Study of the People’s Participation in Conservation of Forests
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